Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technologies have the potential to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources such as power generation plants and industrial facilities that rely on fossil fuels or biomass. The captured CO2 can be utilised on-site, transported for various applications, or injected into geological formations for permanent storage. This technology offers a promising pathway to mitigate emissions in sectors that are challenging to decarbonize fully.
The Growing Momentum of CCUS in India
India’s commitment to becoming a net-zero emitter by 2070 has propelled the adoption of CCUS technology across various industries. Public sector oil and gas companies, such as Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Indian Oil Corporation (IOCL), Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL), and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL), have taken significant steps towards embracing CCUS as part of their decarbonization strategies. These companies have initiated pilot projects and collaborations with international partners to explore the feasibility of implementing CCUS in their operations.
Unlocking India’s CO2 Sequestration Potential
India boasts significant potential for CO2 sequestration in different geological formations. Studies estimate that the total unconstrained storage potential in Indian reservoirs is around 629 gigatonnes (Gt) of CO2. Deep saline formations and basalts offer substantial storage capacities, with potential storage volumes of 326 Gt and 316 Gt, respectively. By considering above-ground constraints, including no-go zones and population density, the constrained storage potential is still significant at 359 Gt of CO2. These findings highlight the vast opportunities for India to explore and develop CO2 sequestration sites.
Policy Recommendations for Accelerating CCUS Deployment
To expedite the deployment of CCUS technology in India, policymakers need to focus on several key areas. First, there is a need for robust research and development efforts to
better understand the technical aspects and economic viability of CCUS projects. Additionally, financial incentives and supportive policies should be established to encourage investment in CCUS infrastructure. Creating a conducive regulatory framework and establishing carbon markets can also incentivize industries to adopt CCUS technologies. Furthermore, international collaborations and knowledge sharing can play a crucial role in accelerating CCUS deployment in India.
CCUS as a Vital Component of India’s Decarbonization Journey
As India strives to achieve its net-zero emission targets, CCUS is expected to play a pivotal role in decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors such as steel, cement, power generation, and petrochemicals. The successful deployment of CCUS can significantly reduce CO2 emissions from these sectors, helping India meet its global commitments and minimize the economic costs associated with emission reductions. CCUS technologies, when combined with other clean energy solutions like renewable power and green hydrogen, can provide a comprehensive and sustainable pathway towards a low-carbon future.
Global Momentum and Best Practices in CCUS
India can draw valuable lessons from countries like the United Kingdom and China, which have adopted comprehensive strategies and policies for CCUS deployment. These countries have prioritized research and development, conducted pilot projects, mobilized funding, and established regulatory frameworks to support CCUS initiatives. By studying their experiences and leveraging international expertise, India can accelerate the development and deployment of CCUS technologies.
The Role of Innovation and Technological Breakthroughs
Innovation and technological advancements will be crucial in unlocking the full potential of CCUS in India. Ongoing research efforts are exploring advanced capture technologies, such as rotating packed bed, to enhance the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of CO2 capture processes. Moreover, the development of direct air capture technologies holds promise in addressing historical emissions and achieving negative emissions in the long run. Continued investment in research and development, coupled with collaborative efforts between academia, industry, and government, will drive innovation and facilitate the widespread adoption of CCUS in India.
Rotating Packed Bed Technology: How It Works
Rotating Packed Bed (RPB) technology is an innovative approach in CO2 capture, providing an efficient and compact solution for gas-liquid contact in separation processes. In the context of carbon capture, RPB technology utilizes a cylindrical column packed with rotating elements that enhance mass transfer between the gas and liquid phases. The CO2-laden gas stream is introduced into the rotating packed bed, and simultaneously, a solvent or absorbent liquid is circulated. The rotating motion induces a high degree of turbulence and increased interfacial contact between the gas and liquid phases. As a result, CO2 is rapidly absorbed into the liquid phase, facilitating the separation of carbon dioxide from the flue gas or other industrial emissions. This technology exploits centrifugal forces and increased surface area for mass transfer, allowing for higher absorption rates compared to traditional absorption columns.
Advantages of Rotating Packed Bed Technology
Rotating Packed Bed technology offers several advantages over conventional carbon capture methods. Firstly, the rotating packed beds enable a higher contact surface area between the flue gases and the solvent, enhancing the overall efficiency of CO2 capture. This leads to higher CO2 capture rates and lower energy requirements for the process.
Additionally, the regenerability of the solvent allows for its repeated use, reducing the need for frequent replacement and minimizing operational costs.
Applications of Rotating Packed Bed Technology
The rotating packed bed technology has broad applications across various industries, including power generation, steel production, cement manufacturing, and more. In the power generation sector, this technology can be implemented in coal-fired power plants to capture and store CO2 emissions, significantly reducing their environmental impact. Similarly, in the steel and cement industries, pack bed rotation technology can play a crucial role in mitigating CO2 emissions and promoting sustainable production practices.
The Economic and Environmental Benefits of CCUS
The adoption of CCUS technologies offers significant economic and environmental benefits for India. By transitioning to a low-carbon economy, India can attract green investments and create new job opportunities in emerging sectors such as renewable energy, clean technologies, and carbon management. Additionally, the widespread deployment of CCUS can contribute to energy security, reduce reliance on fossil fuel imports, and minimize the environmental impact of industries. It is crucial for India to seize these opportunities and position itself as a global leader in CCUS technology and implementation.
Challenges and the Path Ahead
Despite the growing momentum and potential of CCUS in India, several challenges need to be addressed. The high costs associated with CCUS infrastructure and technology deployment pose financial barriers that require innovative financing mechanisms and investment models. Additionally, public awareness and acceptance of CCUS need to be fostered through effective communication and education campaigns. Collaborative efforts between industry, government, and civil society are essential to overcome these challenges and ensure the successful implementation of CCUS in India.
Carbon Capture, Utilization, And Storage (CCUS) technology holds immense potential in India’s journey towards achieving net-zero emissions. With the commitment to become a net-zero emitter by 2070, India is strategically embracing CCUS as a crucial component of its decarbonization strategies. By unlocking its vast CO2 sequestration potential, accelerating research and development, and implementing supportive policies, India can pave the way for a sustainable future. CCUS, alongside other clean energy solutions, will play a vital role in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, driving economic growth, and ensuring a greener and more resilient India. Through collaboration, innovation, and concerted efforts, India can lead the way in the global fight against climate change and set an example for other nations to follow.
R. C. Mehta is the Founder and Promoter of Hi-Gee Tech.
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